The Relevance of European Security Essay Example For Students

The Relevance of European Security Essay The transformation in world politics since the end of the Cold War and the removal of the bipolar East-West schism has led to a state of unpredictable change and, disorder. An increased perception of instability has resulted from the collapse of the Cold War deterrence regime, based on the promise of mutually assured destruction, which provided balance in the international system. The new international order has brought the North-South divide into the forefront, the most clearly defined example being the Euro-Mediterranean division. In response to the North-South disparity Europe launched an unprecedented initiative in attempting to achieve a coherent political and economic entity with the hopes of achieving economic prosperity and peace. As devoted to the EMP as the EU is, it is still necessary to recognize the potential implications of Mediterranean instability for Europe as a whole. Therefore, the issue ultimately remains: Are the current European security structures, consisting o f NATO, the WEU, and the OSCE in fact qualified to take care of collective security with in the Mediterranean. We will write a custom essay on The Relevance of European Security specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is of the foremost importance to clarify that the Euro-Mediterranean process intends to create an area of political stability and economic prosperity through the establishment of a political-security, economic, and social partnership. The EUs own history demonstrates that the most durable antidotes to instability, much more than security alliances or structures, are interdependence and integration. The Euro-Mediterranean partnership initiative recognizes that achieving a common area of peace and stability goes hand in hand with the creation of shared prosperity as well as the promotion of varying forms of human transaction and exchange. Therefore, the difficult challenge of achieving stability in the Mediterranean will not be a reality in a security vacuum, but in conjunction with a socio-economic agenda as well. Nevertheless, the challenges faced by the EU must include careful coordination with the activities and plans of NATO, the WEU, and the OSCE where the Mediterranean is con cerned. The three present security institutions had initially each reflected an individual and unique purpose with respect to Europe and their roles in providing a collective security in the region. The original mission of NATO was defined by the onset of the Cold War in the aftermath of the Second World War. It was the security of western Europe in relation to a perceived threat from Europes east, but included also, through integration of western forces an element of collective security among members with a tradition of mutual hostility(Fenech pg.157). The American led hierarchy of NATO led to the build up the WEU of which the US was not a member. Initiated by France, the WEU was an attempt to galvanize the European Communitys commitment, formalized in the Maastricht Treaty of European Union, to create its own Common Foreign and Security Policy. The ultimate intention was to achieve greater European integration, extending to the political and security levels. The third contending institutio n is the Organization, formerly Conference, for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The OSCE is an altogether different security structure from either NATO or the WEU. While these are essentially alliances, trying to combine the traditional function of self defense with the adopted role of sponsoring collective security, the OSCE is essentially a collective security organization with a record of bridging the divide between adverse blocs.(Fenech pg157). Specifically, the OSCE was to support the dente process, in attempting to ease East-West tensions. All three of these security institutions mentioned above at their inceptions utilized alternate means to achieve their desired ends of European security. However different these organizations may be, they have commonalities denominators, in which, the third proves qualitatively they are all ill-equipped to confront the security concerns with respect to the Mediterranean. NATO, the WEU, and OSCE claim the legitimacy of their concern stems from the European view that the security problems of the Mediterranean are relevant to the continents own security. All three are inherently Euro-centric institutions, and most importantly, all three are products of the Cold War that focused primarily on the East-West issues. Consequently, the very natures of these institutions are fundamentally different than those of the North-South issues During the Cold War the Euro-American relationship, visvis NATO, was one that maintained the two sides fairly satisfied with their given tasks. Their respective perspectives, one regional and the other global, did not need to clash so long as the Europeans refrained from global roles and the Americans refrained from imposing their views on internal European matters. This ideology fractured with the issue of the Mediterranean. Where the western Europeans saw the Mediterranean as a neighborhood and tried to treat it as such in their own interests, the Americans regarded it as a segment in a bigger, global picture(Fenech 161). American pressure to extend the scope of NATO thus went beyond the aim of extending the front of the contest with the Soviet Union and aimed at making the alliance an instrument of broader western objectives, notably the secure supply of Middle East oil. By the end of the Cold War the United States had proven experienced in utilizing its military and political prowess to help facilitate first world economic objectives. Therefore, the prime protest as to NATOs involvement would be the fear of the powerful American influen ces on decision-making, thereby, limiting the maneuvering capabilities of the EU. Secondly, NATO is first and for most an instrument of collective security and has retained all the components of a military alliance. These qualities have designed and orchestrated to specifically deal with the concerns of Europe, not of the Mediterranean periphery. The Western European Union would be, in fact, a better candidate to assume the security role of the Euro-Mediterranean then NATO.The truly regional nature of the WEU makes it less of an East-West institution, rendering it more of a neutral player with respects to the North-South issue. However, the WEUs campaign of EUROFOR and EUROMAFOR respectively can be seen as an application of Combined Joint Task Forces, a project in which the agendas of NATO and the WEU became closely aligned. The Webs objective here being the defense of southern European Territory and interests, the move represents the perpetuation and consolidation of the time honor ed NATO notion of the Mediterranean as Europes southern flank, that is to say, viewing the sea as the frontier to be defended, rather than to be bridged (Fenech pg.169). The manifestation of the two rapid reaction forces mentioned above are counter productivein the attempts to create a fruitful partnership. .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .postImageUrl , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:hover , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:visited , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:active { border:0!important; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:active , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb EssayFinally, the Organization for Security and Organization, in theory, would appear as the most logical response in finding common ground between disparate blocs seeking to forge bilateral relationships in a North-South context. The non-alliance and non-sectarian nature of the OSCE and the organizations prime directive of bridging over troubled waters suggest by including the Mediterranean, strides could be taken.In practice the OSCE is largely a European affair, owing the majority of its objectives to the whims of Russia and the United States. Therefore, the fact that the OSCE has failed to integrate the whole Mediterranean in its process points to the c onclusion that, while what happens in the Mediterranean is the concern of Europeans, Americans and even Russians, what happens in Europe is not the concern of the Mediterranean countries(Fenech pg165)The end of the Cold War ushered in a new and unique world order. The United States had become the worlds true hegomon following a century filled with struggles over the balance of power. Europe may have ceased along the way to direct world affairs, but it continued none the less to be the center of the quest for international stability. As the iron curtain rose a old division stepped into the forfront: The north -south issue. In response, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership was forged attepting to utilize pre-existing institutions to help maintain security. The very nature of NATO, the WEU, and the OSCP remains essentially, in different manners, to protect and consolidate Europes post World War two status quo. In direct contrast the European Union is an ambitious organization relentlessl y devoted towards changeThe WEU Institute for Security Studies organized a seminar on The future of the Euro-Mediterranean security dialogue, on 13-14 January 2000 in Paris. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the possibilities of enhancing the Euro-Mediterranean Partnerships political and security chapter, including the establishment of a military dialogue within the Barcelona Process. The seminar also tried to assess the contribution that WEUs Mediterranean dialogue might provide, in the wake of the acquisition of WEU functions by the EU, and the synergies that will have to be found between the EMPs new security dimension, and NATOs Mediterranean dialogue. The Cologne European Council of June 1999 the EU decided to establish a common security and defense policy (CSDP) to supplement its CFSP, and more specifically to acquire new capabilities for crisis prevention and crisis management. This process was continued at the Helsinki EU Council of 10 December 1999, and will probably be finalized at the end of 2000. The EUs new military scope makes it easier to confer a new military dimension on the various fields covered by CFSP, including the Barcelona Process. This is relevant to EU members, but CSDP may also be of interest to EUs Mediterranean partners for a number of reasons, which equally justifies gradually including some defense and military aspects in the EMP and in the Charter. As far as military dialogue is concerned, in principle, there are two practical ways of incorporating it in the Charters framework. Either military partnership-building measures are included in existing categories of means and mechanisms defined in the Guidelines (for instance, under the heading of preventive diplomacy and crisis-management, or else within the list of general PBMs), or a new specific category is set up. This category may be called security partnership-building measures, or even military partnership-building measures. In any event, implementation of the Charter will undoubtedly depend on political circumstances. Within the framework of the Charter, the definition, planning and execution of concrete measures that are suitable for all the EMP partners will be a complex task. Informal contacts ought to pave the way to more specific negotiations. Concrete measures should be feasible and have a manifest added value for Mediterranean partners. These measures should be conceived and approved of, at least in their general lines, by the Senior Officials of the Barcelona Process. Adequate financial and human resources should be allocated to coordinate those measures. The EU Council Secretariat might be in charge of the coordination of concrete PBMs (even in the field of military dialogue). Another possibility would be to establish a specific office, with some degree of independence, to coordinate these kinds of measures, although this possibility is dependent on the wider decision on whether and to what ext ent the EMP should be institutionalized. .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .postImageUrl , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:hover , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:visited , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:active , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cat On A Hot Tin Roof (141 words) EssayBibliography:

Prepositional Idioms with of

Prepositional Idioms with of Prepositional Idioms with â€Å"of† Prepositional Idioms with â€Å"of† By Maeve Maddox The other day I read a letter supposedly written by a literature professor. It contained what struck me as the unidiomatic use of the preposition to attached to the adjective ignorant. Note: An expression is idiomatic when its meaning is not deducible from the meanings of the individual words. In idiomatic usage, the exact same words can have different meanings, depending upon context. Take, for example, the phrasal verb â€Å"put out†: put out the light (extinguish) put out the cat (place outside) put out your hand (extend) ESL learners spend hours memorizing dependent prepositions and the words they appear with because few dependable rules exist to explain the usage. We’re angry with a person, but angry about an injustice. We’re concerned about our children, but concerned with the ecological movement. I don’t remember having been taught these patterns. I just know what â€Å"sounds right.† The dependent preposition I’ve always heard used with the adjective ignorant is of: He was ignorant of the consequences of his actions. For this reason, I was startled to read what the literature professor wrote: I specialize in literature, feminism, and cultural criticism (so naturally I would be ignorant to something that got 700,000 views). Note: the professor was being sarcastic. Of course she knew about whatever it was that â€Å"got 700,000 views.† My impulse was to condemn the unidiomatic usage â€Å"ignorant to† without further ado, but then I recalled the way â€Å"bored of† has spread in recent years. To me, â€Å"bored of† is horribly unidiomatic, but since writing an unforgiving post about it, I’ve seen on Google N-Gram Viewer that the appearance of â€Å"bored of† in printed books has risen precipitately since the 1980s. Further, according to the Oxford Dictionaries online site, â€Å"the Oxford English Corpus  contains almost twice as many instances of â€Å"bored of† than â€Å"bored by.† Clearly my knee-jerk reaction to unidiomatic preposition use bears examination. I did a web search. Sure enough, â€Å"ignorant to† is out there in blog postings and reader comments: Why are people so ignorant to the facts? I think hes ignorant to the fact that they both wanted it People just are ignorant to the fact that system files use up that space too. Torres seems ignorant to the danger he is in. So far, â€Å"ignorant to† is still rare in modern usage compared to â€Å"bored of.† By the way, although the folks at Oxford acknowledge the popularity of â€Å"bored of,† they also acknowledge that it’s still not considered to be standard English: â€Å"It’s best to avoid using it in formal writing.† When it comes to which preposition to use with which adjective, the spirit of the language will decide. Meanwhile, careful writers and speakers may wish to review current prepositional use and use the established patterns. To get you started, here are a few examples of adjectives that take the preposition of: accuse of: The homeless man was accused of vandalizing a park bench. acquitted of: When more evidence came to light, the man was acquitted of the charge. capable of: Unsocialized children are capable of atrocious behavior. censorship of: Throughout history, governments and religious institutions have advocated the censorship of books. consist of: Krapp’s diet consisted of bananas and water. convince (someone) of: You’ll never convince him of the truth of your argument. critical of: He is critical of everything I write. deprive of: Millions of children grow up deprived of ordinary comforts. disapprove of: Some people make it a policy to disapprove of everything they didn’t think of first. jealous of: Some men are jealous of the success of their wives. kind of: What kind of books do you like to read? regardless of: The soldiers were required to shave, regardless of their wishes. required of: Familiarity with standard English is required of all applicants. short of: I can’t go to the movies because I’m short of cash. take charge of: Adolescents are encouraged to take charge of their learning. unmindful of: The wounded man staggered aimlessly, unmindful of traffic. worthy of: This writing is worthy of a professional novelist. And, let’s not forget, ignorant of: Many native English speakers seem to be ignorant of established prepositional use that ESL learners struggle to master. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Loan, Lend, Loaned, LentWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Export and import Managment- sony- combating markets for PSPs Essay

Export and import Managment- sony- combating markets for PSPs - Essay Example The PSP was launched in the US with the difference of a few months after its launch in Japan because of various reasons. UK saw the official launch of the PSP nearly one year later but regardless of the delay retailers in Europe began to import PSPs from Japan and the US whilst keeping all the revenue for them self. Sony, in order to counter this took legal action against several importers in Europe demanding confiscation and monetary damage (as cited in CNET News. 2005). An online retail firm â€Å"EBL† stood up against Sony stating that Sony had inadequate trademarks regarding PSPs in Europe and that it only targeted smaller firms. Such a controversy created doubts regarding PSP’s official launch in Europe. Sony soon won the case and caused various retailers to put down the products off from their stores and websites. Nevertheless PSPs still were being traded in the gray markets while Sony waited for the UK High Court to declare a decision. To add up to Sony’s obstacles, hackers continuously tweaked the PSPs to run unauthorized games and software for which Sony has to tirelessly keep developing newer versions of the PSP and its firmware as well. Q1. E-commerce alone is the primary driver of the ever-growing gray market and counterfeit activity. Numerous online auctioning and trading websites remain unmonitored and controlled which further feeds the gray markets. Products like the PSP coming from their widely successful and popular parent product â€Å"PlayStation† undoubtedly would receive a vast number of consumers, many of which would be willing to accept higher prices to acquire it as early as possible. Adequate control over the company’s distribution network is amongst the vital weapons against gray markets. Large firms, given the resources available to them should carefully monitor how and where their products are traveling before finally reaching to its consumers. A strict distribution network involving detailed shipme nt tracking, authorized dealers, official labels/logos/etc would enable the manufacturer being completely aware of its products rotation in the market which would result in the prevention of leakages into the gray markets. Q2. An innovative product with a strong fan-following automatically results in a desire to acquire it. Sony officially launched the PSP in Japan earlier than in the major markets with time lags of a quarter or nearly one year. The huge number of demanding consumers in the international markets who were willing to pay more fueled the gray markets by giving higher profit margins to the importers. Sony did indeed launch the PSP a little early. Instead it should have manufactured enough quantities to cater to all the markets and launched in the Triad simultaneously. Sony rushed to launch the PSP because the gadgets were made available in the market even before the PSP was launched. Therefore Sony had to rush to introduce the PSP in order to avoid duplication and count erfeit and also to prevent the retailers from snatching Sony’s deserved revenues. Q3. The sale of PSPs in Europe was indeed a threat for Sony primarily because of the fact that it pushed the production capacity of Sony to the edge in order to cater to the â€Å"unofficial demand†. Before launching the PSP in UK, Sony ensured it had enough PSP units available to meet the demands

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Strategic Management - Case Study Example In 2010, Google was considered as the leader of technology that aimed at providing information to the people from any part of the world and the Google maps helped the customers to find directions as per their requirements (Hamilton & Nickerson, 2003). Economic: Google had to spend a lot of money in order to set up its business. The company has hired efficient managers to control the various teams and handle different projects of the company. The managers and the employees are to be paid high salary in order to encourage them to perform well (Elms, 2010). Hence, the financial accounts of the company have to be handled efficiently with proper allocation of the company’s grants for various projects. Further, the company has to use cost-efficient techniques to serve large number of customers. Politics: The impact of the political environment would be beneficial as well as harmful for the company. However, the political environment did not pose any threat to the launch of Google as it is an online search engine that is expected to provide valuable information to the nation. Also, it plays a key role in communication among people from different parts of the globe (Elms, 2010). Socio-cultural: Google acted as a medium for the advertisers who would prefer to promote social events through its online services. Further, commercial e-mails could be sent by various companies who would like to attract target customers to purchase their newly launched products (Barney, 2002). Technology: Google played a key role in bringing technological innovation to the economy by developing online information system. The customers can obtain information regarding any aspect using the Google search engine. The companies can maintain their online databases using Google spreadsheets and thus deal with huge amount of data (Elms, 2010). Legal: Google had to face some legal

Hospitality and Destiny in the Odyssey and Sundiata Essay Example for Free

Hospitality and Destiny in the Odyssey and Sundiata Essay Princetons Wordnet defines hospitality as [the act of] cordial reception: [or] kindness in welcoming guests or strangers. Since the start of this semester, we have read about two different journeys in which hospitality plays an important role in fulfilling the destiny of the main character. In Homers Odyssey, many examples of this are apparent, whether they are for the benefit or the downfall of the protagonist Odysseus. However, Odysseus is not the only one whom hospitality rules. His son Telemachus also is affected by his hospitality towards others. In Nianes Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali, the theme of hospitality runs thick throughout the narrative, as Sundiata is greatly affected by how the other characters receive him. If it were not for the hospitable acts shown to both of the weary travelers, Odysseus and Sundiata may not have been able to return to their homeland. The extreme observance of hospitality in the two texts may be compared with the golden rule: treat others, as you would like to be treated. The rule of hospitality may also be applied to the gods. In the time of Odysseus, gods or deities could take the form of humans or alter human appearance. If a stranger showed up at your door, you might not know whether they are mortal or immortal. If you turned away a god or someone loved by the gods, this could anger them and in turn they could avenge your inhospitable act. The gods might respond with not giving you a good harvest or make your life a complete hell, as Poseidon did to the journey of Odysseus. Good hospitality was to be displayed towards everyone, no matter age or gender. In The Odyssey, not only was Odysseus treated well by the lords of the lands he visited, but, his young son, Telemachus, was treated with respect. In Sundiata, hospitality was not only showed towards men, but also women. When Sassouma forced Sogolon into exile, the neighboring lands and kings she and her children encountered treated them with generosity. In The Odyssey many hospitable acts were displayed before kings even knew who had ventured to their land. When Telemachus travels to Pylos seeking information about his father, King Nestor treated him and Pallas Athena with much respect. As they approached the citadel King Nestor and his son spotted them. As soon as they saw the strangers, all came crowding down, urging  them to sit. Nestors son Pisistratus, first to reach them, grasped their hands and sat them down at the feast on fleecy throws (Homer 108, lines 39-44). This demonstrates how welcoming the Pylians are towards strangers. This is truly a hospitable greeting because the Pylians were not just carousing around, but in fact were involved in a feast in honor of the god Poseidon. They invited these foreign guests in as if they were members of the royal family to take part in the feast. Menelaus, like Nestor, treated his guest as part of the royal family before knowing their names. Menelaus provided Telemachus and Pisistratus with food but not just any food but, He passed them a fat rich loin with his own hands, the choicest part, that hed been served himself (Homer 126, 74-75). The Greeks loved to eat and what an honor it would have been to be given the kings slab of meat. He also had women bathe them, rub them with oil, and provide them with warm fleece and shirts to wear. Before Telemachus was to leave, Menelaus insisted on giving him many gifts but Odysseus young son respectfully declined any such gifts. Menelaus insisted on giving him a mixing bowl forged to perfection made of solid silver with a lip of gold made by Hephaestus himself (Homer 144, 692-694). The hospitality shown by Menelaus is a great example of treating others as you would like to be treated. Menelaus, the great and lustrous king, showered his guest with the best of everything, as he would have wanted done for him. Not only in The Odyssey and ancient Greece was hospitality shown towards strangers, but it also occurred in Sundiata. The first stop on the exile journey of Sundiata was Djedeba. The king there received them with a little mistrust, but mentioned that everywhere the stranger enjoys the right to hospitality (Niane 29). The stay with the king of Djedeba lasted two months and not much is mentioned in the novel of what was given to Sundiata and his family. But the stay with Djedeba emphasizes the point that even though someone may be wary of allowing strangers to stay with them, the act of hospitality is entitled to all strangers who need a place to stay. Those who were members of the highest social class were not the only ones expected to practice hospitality. Hospitable acts were to be practiced by  and towards all social classes. When Odysseus returned to Ithaca, Athena disguised him by dressing him in beggar clothes. She directed him towards the swineherds establishment. The swineherd had to save the king from his beastly dogs and after this invited him into his home. The swineherd, Eumeaus, told Odysseus, Its wrong, my friend, to send any stranger packing-even one who arrives in worse shape than you (Homer 303, 64-65). Odysseus told him, May Zeus and the other gods give you your hearts desire for the royal welcome you have shown me here (Homer 303, 60-62). The hospitality that was shown towards the beloved king no doubt pleased the gods. Even though the swineherd could not provide the extravagant baths, bedding, and food of kings, he still gave Odysseus the best of what he had. Odysseus was invited by the swineherd to sit down on a pile of brush and twigs covered with the skin of a shaggy wild goat, which was the swineherds own good bedding. He fed the king scrawny pigs that were freshly slaughtered. This was the best food that could be offered by the swineherd because the suitors who overran the home of Odysseus took the fattened pigs. The hospitality shown by the swineherd proves that one does not have to offer the best of things to show hospitality towards strangers. Hospitable acts were not expected only to be shown towards the living, but the deceased deserved the same rights. In Sundiata, when it came time to leave Mema and return to Mali, Sogolon passed away. Sundiata said to the king, King, you gave me hospitality at your court when I was without shelter†¦In any case, allow me to bury my mother before I go (Niane 46). The king was outraged that Sundiata wanted to leave his country and at first refused. But either it was fear, or out of respect he had for Sundiata, or a combination of both, Sundiata got his wish. Burial grounds were provided for Sogolon in the country of Mema. Showing hospitality towards the dead is as important towards showing it towards the living. Hospitality was not to go unnoticed either; hospitable acts were expected to be repaid when the time arose. A great example of repaying hospitality came from Menelaus. Telemachus and Nestors son arrived outside the gates of  Menelaus estate and lord Eteoneus runs through the halls and delivers the news to the battle-hardened king and ask, Should we unhitch their team for them or send them to someone free to host them well(Homer 125, 33-34)? Menelaus responds hastily, Just think of the hospitality we enjoyed at the hands of other men before we made it home†¦And bring them in strangers, guest, to share our flowing feast(Homer 125, 38-39, 41-42). Menelaus wants to show the same hospitality to those who visit his land just as the rulers showed him when he was in need. Political alliances also proved to be good situations to practice hospitality. One of the stops on the exile journey of Sundiata and his family was the region of Ghana. When they arrived they were greeted by the kings brother who made them comfortable and brought water for them to quench their thirst. After Sogolon explained where they were from and why they were in exile the king, Soumamba, responded, No one has ever found our hospitality wanting. My court is your court and my palace is yours (Niane 34). The reason for easy welcoming of the strangers was the history of the relationship between Mali and Ghana. The king also said to his brother, Brother, look after our guests. Let Sogolon and her children be royally treated and from tomorrow let the princes of Mali sit among our children (Niane 34). Another hospitable act in Sundiata, which involved alliances between nations, happened again in Mema. This alliance had to do with the family relationship of two kings. Upon their arrival at Mema, the sister of the king greeted Sogolon and her family and housed them in a wing of the palace. They were recommended by Soumaba to come to Mema, and after showing the king of Mema, Moussa Tounkara, a letter from Soumamba the king said, My cousin Soumaba recommends you and that is enough. You are at home. Stay here as long as you wish (Niane 36). Sundiata became so beloved by the people and the king that he became viceroy and even secured a spot as heir to the throne of Mema. This is example of hospitality starts out as a friendly gesture, and evolves into a new set of hierarchal position for the traveling family. The hospitality shown by the people of Mema allowed the exiled royal family of Mali to become pretty much citizens of this new country. The act of hospitality is prevalent in both the Odyssey and Sundiata. Not  only do kings of regions and countries practice this act, but hospitality is expected to be practiced by everyone regardless of their social class. Hospitality should be shown towards everyone regardless how the two parties affiliate with one another. Hospitality goes along way in the stories of Odysseus and Sundiata. It creates relationships with lands that others fear, like the region of Ghana in Sundiata. It also creates relationships with those who have no prior relationships to those of foreign lands, like Telemachus creates with the comrades of his father. If only this type of hospitality was prevalent in society today our world would be a much more friendly and fearless place to live. Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey. New York: Penguin, 1996. Niane, D. T. Sundiata: an Epic of Old Mali. Harlow: Longman, 2006.

Designing A House :: essays research papers

This report is being written as if you were to fully design my senior project. These are all the steps and procedures you would need to take to properly design it. First thing you would need to do would be identifying specific landmarks of surrounding land or lot. You would note down anything and roughly measure marks approximate to house location, this way you would have a general idea of where the house would be. If there are no big landmarks, such as nearby houses or roads - you should note small markings such as trees or pathways, anything to help you identify the location of the house. Also, you should note climate, that can be a factor. After you’ve surveyed the entire scene you should write down all ideas having to do with what the house will need to be habitable and reference surrounding buildings for notes. For example if a building near the house lot has a high angled roof, that could be because of heavy snow or rainfall. Don’t be afraid to ask questions or extensivly look up ideas. Next will come your rough draft, this is basically self explanatory. You will create preliminary sketches of floor plan with rough dimensions, and sketch a view of the house dimensioned from landmarks. The information on your rough sketch does not have to be exact, but it must be more informative then the notes you had taken earlier. After getting specifics from the consumer, you will begin to construct your floor plan. Day, 2 While it is your (our) job to create convinience and simplicity in the house design, you must consider the consumers ideas and needs. When you do this plan you must label all doors with Door tags, these will be used later. When putting dimensions in your floor plan make sure they are specific and detailed. Try not to over dimension, but do not underdimension, carefully check every dimension, to see if it was duplicated or noted beforehand. Now will come the basement plan, dimension everything accordingly and show all needed floor supports. The needs for this house are different because of it's large design, lolly columns are neccisary. Label everything. When your done with the basement and floor plans you should construct a electrical plan and plumbing plan, the electrical plan is necessary in this project, but the plumbing is not. "Now day's you count on a licenced plumer to come in, they are the experts and they'll know whats

Human Resource Development Essay

Involve them, trust them and treat them as resource or assets. 3- Fours on strengths of people and help them overcome their weakness. 4- Integrate individual’s needs & aspiration to organization Objectives of HRD:- 1- Develop high motivation level – To strengthen superior-subordinate relationship 3- To develop a sense of team spirit, team work & inter team collaboration. 4- To develop the original health, culture & climate. 5- To generate systematic info about HR 6- To increase the capabilities of an organization to recruit, select, retain and motivate talented employees. 7- To develop constructive mind in employees. 8- To generate info about HR for manpower planning, placement, successive planning and like. Author – Meera Sharma SCOPE: The field of HRD or Human Resource Development encompasses several aspects of enabling and empowering human resources in organization. Whereas earlier HRD was denoted as managing people in organizations with emphasis on payroll, training and other functions that were designed to keep employees happy, the current line of management thought focuses on empowering and enabling them to become employees capable of fulfilling their aspirations and actualizing their potential. This shift in the way human resources are treated has come about due to the prevailing notion that human resources are sources of competitive advantage and not merely employees fulfilling their job responsibilities. The point here is that the current paradigm in HRD treats employees as value creators and assets based on the RBV or the Resource Based View of the firm that has emerged in the SHRM (Strategic Human Resource Management) field. The field of HRD spans several functions across the organization starting with employee recruitment and training, appraisals and payroll and extending to the recreational and motivational aspects of employee development. The main functions of HRD are:- 1. Training and development Training and development is aimed at improving or changing the knowledge skills and attitudes of the employees. While training involves providing the knowledge and skills required for doing a particular job to the employees, developmental activities focus on preparing the employees for future job responsibilities by increasing the capabilities of an employee which also helps him perform his present job in a better way. These activities start when an employee joins an organization in the form of orientation and skills training. After the employee becomes proficient, the HR activities focus on the development of the employee through methods like coaching and counseling. 2 Organization development OD is the process of increasing the effectiveness of an organization along with the well being of its members with the help of planned interventions that use the concepts of behavioral science. Both micro and macro changes are implemented to achieve organization development. While the macro changes are intended to improve the overall effectiveness of the organization the micro changes are aimed at individuals of small groups. Employee involvement programmes requiring fundamental changes in work expectation, reporting, procedures and reward systems are aimed at improving the effectiveness of the organization. The human resource development professional involved in the organization development intervention acts as an agent of change. He often consults and advising the line manager in strategies that can be adopted to implement the required changes and sometimes becomes directly involve in implementing these strategies. 3. Career development It is a continuous process in which an individual progresses through different stages of career each having a relatively unique set of issues and tasks. Career development comprises of two distinct processes. Career Planning and career management. Whereas career planning involves activities to be performed by the employee, often with the help of counselor and others, to assess his capabilities and skills in order to frame realistic career plan. Career management involves the necessary steps that need to be taken to achieve that plan. Career management generally focus more on the steps that an organization that can take to foster the career development of the employees.